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Together with an exceptionally heat Northern Hemisphere (NH) summer1,2, 2023 has long been documented as the most well liked 12 months on record3-5. Contextualizing current anthropogenic warming versus past purely natural variability is nontrivial, however, since the sparse nineteenth century meteorological data tend to be as well warm6. In this article, we Mix noticed and reconstructed June-August (JJA) surface air temperatures to show that 2023 was the warmest NH further-tropical summer in the last 2000 years exceeding the 95% self esteem selection of purely natural weather variability by a lot more than half a degree Celsius.

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